This paper proposes an adaptive non-singular fast terminal sliding mode control(NFTSMC) method that effectively enhances the speed control performance of induction motors under external disturbances and parameter variations. First, an adaptive nonlinear control method is introduced that improves the system's disturbance rejection capability and dynamic response performance while suppressing chattering in sliding mode control. Then, the proposed sliding mode load torque observer(SMLTO) ensures rapid and accurate tracking of the actual torque during load torque fluctuations, reducing speed fluctuations caused by sudden changes in load torque and improving control precision and robustness. Furthermore, the non-singular terminal sliding mode control approach accelerates the system’s state convergence rate and avoids the singularity issues encountered in traditional sliding mode control. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly enhances the robustness and response speed of the induction motor speed control system, while showing excellent load torque observation performance.