Aiming at the problem of low assembly efficiency and unreasonable worker assignment of an aircraft engine assembly line, an optimization model of tardiness scheduling and teams self-reconfiguration of knowledgeable manufacturing system oriented to aircraft engines is constructed. A heuristic algorithm is proposed to optimize the schedule and the numbers of teams simultaneously. In the scheduling optimization layer, according to the characteristic of an aircraft engine with complex assembly precedence constraints, the properties of dominance relations of operations involving the objective of product tardiness optimization are proved and its corresponding operation adjustment algorithm is proposed. An initial assignment of operations on parallel assembly teams is given, and a modified procedure is described. In the self-reconfiguration layer, the numbers of teams are adjusted on the basis of a workload balancing principle. The simulation experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed model and algorithms.