Satellite scheduling scheme in practical applications are typically affected by external factors, such as electromagnetic interference, satellite failure, cloud cover, and the dynamic arrival of new tasks, etc. It is necessary to adjust the original scheduling scheme within a short time and generate new scheduling scheme to ensure the stability of the satellite system. The study of satellite emergency scheduling method thus has practical significance and research value. This work considered satellite emergency scheduling when new tasks arrived, established an integer programming model for multi-satellite cooperative observation emergency scheduling, and proposed a satellite emergency scheduling algorithm based on a dynamic neighborhood (SESA-DN). This method has designed various types of neighborhood structures and dynamic neighborhood selection strategies, which can provide effective feedback in terms of the completion of tasks, and generate satellite emergency scheduling schemes by inserting and replacing emergency tasks. Besides, a multi-satellite emergency scheduling scenario was constructed, and the proposed SESA-DN algorithm was compared with multiple comparison algorithms through a large number of simulation experiments. Experimental results show that the SESA-DN algorithm is more stable than comparison algorithms, and has good applicability to the multi-satellite cooperative dynamic scheduling problem.