In this paper, the problem of attitude control for three-axis stabilized liquid-filled spacecrafts with unknown external disturbance, uncertain parameters and input saturation is studied, and an attitude maneuver control method based on anti-disturbance finite-time sliding mode control is proposed. The sloshing of liquid fuel in a partially liquid-filled tank is equivalent to a spherical pendulum model, and the coupled dynamic equation of a liquid-filled spacecraft is derived by using the conservation law of momentum moment. A finite-time integral sliding mode disturbance observer is designed firstly to ensure that the lumped disturbances in the control system can be estimated in finite time. Then, based on the designed disturbance observer, an anti-disturbance finite-time fast terminal sliding control strategy is presented, and it is proved that the state of the closed-loop system is finite-time stable under the control law, and converges to the specified fast terminal sliding mode surface. Moreover, input saturation constraint is overcome by introducing auxiliary variables to compensate for overshooting. The simulation results show the effectiveness and robustness of the control strategy.