The optical fiber biochemical sensor has the advantages of being immune to electromagnetic interference, well insulated, safe and explosion-proof, low loss and corrosion resistant. It has shown good value in the field of human health protection: Timely and effective monitoring of pollutants can provide data to support the effective control of environmental pollutants and reduce the occurrence of diseases at source; accurate and sensitive detection of disease markers can diagnose human diseases, thus making prevention and early treatment of diseases possible. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of optical fiber biochemical sensors for use in human health protection. Firstly, the article describes the principle of optical fiber sensing that it uses. Secondly, the optical fiber biochemical sensing technology applied to the monitoring of gaseous and water pollutants is summarized and analyzed. Further, the optical fiber biochemical sensing technology applied to the detection of human exhaled gases and biological fluids is summarized and analyzed. Finally, some limitations and future directions for the practical application of optical fiber biochemical sensors in human health protection are discussed.