Bipartite-partial component consensus refers to a dynamic behavior in which some components of agents with similar characteristics tend to have the same value over time, while some components of remaining agents tend to have opposite values over time. It is weaker than identical consensus and bipartite consensus. In this paper, the bipartite-partial component consensus of nonlinear multi-agent systems on signed networks is investigated. Firstly, an effective adaptive pinning controller is designed for the cooperation or competition among agents in multi-agent systems. Then, based on the Lyapunov stability theory and matrix theory, the sufficient conditions for the realization of the bipartite-partial component consensus of the nonlinear system are derived. Finally, numerical simulation verifies the theoretical results.